An academy (Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of higher learning, research, or honorary membership. The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, founded approximately 385 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the goddess of wisdom and skill, north of Athens, Greece. thumb|''The School of Athens'', fresco by Raphael (1509–1510), of an idealized Academy. In the western world ''academia'' is the commonly-used term for the collective institutions of higher learning.

The original Academy

Before ''Akademia'' was a school, and even before Cimon enclosed its precincts with a wall, it contained a sacred grove of olive trees dedicated to Athena, the goddess of wisdom, outside the city walls of ancient Athens. The archaic name for the site was ''Hekademia'', which by classical times evolved into ''Akademia'' and was explained, at least as early as the beginning of the 6th century BC, by linking it to an Athenian hero, a legendary "Akademos". The site of ''Akademia'' was sacred to Athena and other immortals.

Plato's immediate successors as "scholarch" of ''Akademia'' were Speusippus (347–339 BC), Xenocrates (339–314 BC), Polemon (314–269 BC), Crates (ca. 269–266 BC), and Arcesilaus (ca. 266–240 BC). Later scholarchs include Lacydes of Cyrene, Carneades, Clitomachus, and Philo of Larissa ("the last undisputed head of the Academy"). Other notable members of ''Akademia'' include Aristotle, Heraclides Ponticus, Eudoxus of Cnidus, Philip of Opus, Crantor, and Antiochus of Ascalon.

The Neoplatonic Academy of Late Antiquity

After a lapse during the early Roman occupation, ''Akademia'' was refounded as a new institution of some outstanding Platonists of late antiquity who called themselves "successors" (''diadochoi'', but of Plato) and presented themselves as an uninterrupted tradition reaching back to Plato. However, there cannot have actually been any geographical, institutional, economic or personal continuity with the original Academy in the new organizational entity.

The last "Greek" philosophers of the revived ''Akademia'' in the 6th century were drawn from various parts of the Hellenistic cultural world and suggest the broad syncretism of the common culture (see ''koine''): Five of the seven ''Akademia'' philosophers mentioned by Agathias were Syriac in their cultural origin: Hermias and Diogenes (both from Phoenicia), Isidorus of Gaza, Damascius of Syria, Iamblichus of Coele-Syria and perhaps even Simplicius of Cilicia.

The emperor Justinian closed the school in AD 529, a date that is often cited as the end of Antiquity. According to the sole witness, the historian Agathias, its remaining members looked for protection under the rule of Sassanid king Khosrau I in his capital at Ctesiphon, carrying with them precious scrolls of literature and philosophy, and to a lesser degree of science. After a peace treaty between the Persian and the Byzantine empire in 532 guaranteed their personal security (an early document in the history of freedom of religion), some members found sanctuary in the pagan stronghold of Harran, near Edessa. One of the last leading figures of this group was Simplicius, a pupil of Damascius, the last head of the Athenian school.

It has been speculated that ''Akademia'' did not altogether disappear. After his exile, Simplicius (and perhaps some others), may have travelled to Harran, near Edessa. From there, the students of an Academy-in-exile could have survived into the 9th century, long enough to facilitate the Arabic revival of the Neoplatonist commentary tradition in Baghdad.

Renaissance academies

With the Neoplatonist revival that accompanied the revival of humanist studies, ''accademia'' took on newly vivid connotations.

During the Florentine Renaissance, Cosimo de' Medici took a personal interest in the new Platonic Academy that he determined to re-establish in 1439, centered on the marvellous promise shown by the young Marsilio Ficino. Cosimo had been inspired by the arrival at the otherwise ineffective Council of Florence of Gemistos Plethon, who seemed a dazzling figure to the Florentine intellectuals. In 1462 Cosimo gave Ficino a villa at Careggi for the Academy's use, situated where Cosimo could see it from his own villa, and drop by for visits. The academy remained a wholly informal group, but one which had a great influence on Renaissance Neo-Platonism.

In Rome, after unity was restored following the Western Schism, humanist circles, cultivating philosophy and searching out and sharing ancient texts tended to gather where there was access to a library. The Vatican Library was not coordinated until 1475 and was never catalogued or widely accessible: not all popes looked with satisfaction at gatherings of unsupervised intellectuals. At the head of this movement for renewal in Rome was Cardinal Bessarion, whose house from the mid-century was the centre of a flourishing academy of Neoplatonic philosophy and a varied intellectual culture. His valuable Greek as well as Latin library (eventually bequeathed to the city of Venice after he withdrew from Rome) was at the disposal of the academicians. Bessarion, in the latter years of his life, retired from Rome to Ravenna, but he left behind him ardent adherents of the classic philosophy.

The next generation of humanists were bolder admirers of pagan culture, especially in the highly personal academy of Pomponius Leto, the natural son of a nobleman of the Sanseverino family, born in Calabria but known by his academic name, who devoted his energies to the enthusiastic study of classical antiquity, and attracted a great number of disciples and admirers. He was a worshipper not merely of the literary and artistic form, but also of the ideas and spirit of classic paganism, which made him appear a condemner of Christianity and an enemy of the Church. In his academy every member assumed a classical name. Its principal members were humanists, like Bessartion's protégé Giovanni Antonio Campani (Campanus), Bartolomeo Platina, the papal librarian, and Filippo Buonaccorsi, and young visitors who received polish in the academic circle, like Publio Fausto Andrelini of Bologna who took the New Learning to the University of Paris, to the discomfiture of his friend Erasmus. In their self-confidence, these first intellectual neopagans compromised themselves politically, at a time when Rome was full of conspiracies fomented by the Roman barons and the neighbouring princes: Paul II (1464–71) caused Pomponio and the leaders of the academy to be arrested on charges of irreligion, immorality, and conspiracy against the Pope. The prisoners begged so earnestly for mercy, and with such protestations of repentance, that they were pardoned. The Letonian academy, however, collapsed.

In Naples, the ''Quattrocento'' academy founded by Alfonso of Aragon and guided by Antonio Beccadelli was the ''Porticus Antoniana'', later known as the ''Pontaniana'', after Giovanni Pontano.

Sixteenth-century ''accademie'' in Italy

The sixteenth century saw at Rome a great increase of literary and aesthetic academies, more or less inspired by the Renaissance, all of which assumed, as was the fashion, odd and fantastic names. We learn from various sources the names of many such institutes; as a rule, they soon perished and left no trace. In the 1520s came the ''Accademia degl' Intronati'', for the encouragement of theatrical representations. There were also the Academy of the "Vignaiuoli", or "Vinegrowers" (1530), and the ''Accademia della Virtù'' (1538), founded by Claudio Tolomei under the patronage of Cardinal Ippolito de' Medici. These were followed by a new academy in the "Orti" or Farnese gardens. There were also the academies of the "Intrepidi" (1560), the "Animosi" (1576), and the "Illuminati" (1598); this last, founded by the Marchesa Isabella Aldobrandini Pallavicino. Towards the middle of the sixteenth century there were also the Academy of the "Notti Vaticane", or "Vatican Nights", founded by St. Charles Borromeo; an "Accademia di Diritto civile e canonico", and another of the university scholars and students of philosophy (Accademia Eustachiana). In the seventeenth century we meet with similar academies; the "Umoristi" (1611), the "Fantastici (1625), and the "Ordinati", founded by Cardinal Dati and Giulio Strozzi. About 1700 were founded the academies of the "Infecondi", the "Occulti", the "Deboli", the "Aborigini", the "Immobili", the "Accademia Esquilina", and others. As a rule these academies, all very much alike, were merely circles of friends or clients gathered around a learned man or wealthy patron, and were dedicated to literary pastimes rather than methodical study. They fitted in, nevertheless, with the general situation and were in their own way one element of the historical development. Despite their empirical and fugitive character, they helped to keep up the general esteem for literary and other studies. Cardinals, prelates, and the clergy in general were most favourable to this movement, and assisted it by patronage and collaboration.

During the course of the following century and a half many Italian cities established a philosophical and scientific academy, some of which became the national academies of pre-unitarian states: the Academy of Accesi became the Panomitan Academy of Buon Gusto; the Academy of Timidi became the Royal Academy of Mantua; the Accademia dei Ricovrati became the Galileiana Academy of Arts and Science; the Academy of Dissonanti became the Royal Academy of Modena and the Academy of Oscuri became the Royal Academy of Lucca.

Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-century academies in Europe

Gradually academies began to specialize on particular topics (arts, language, sciences) and began to be founded and funded by the kings and other sovereigns (few republics had an academy). And, mainly, since XVIIth century academies spread throughout Europe.

Academies of the arts

In Florence, the Medici again took the lead in establishing the Accademia di Belle Arti Firenze in 1563, the first of the more formally organised art academies that gradually displaced the medieval artists' guilds, usually known as the Guild of Saint Luke, as the bodies responsible for training and often regulating artists, a change with great implications for the development of art, leading to the styles known as Academic art. The private Accademia degli Incamminati set up later in the century in Bologna by the Carracci brothers was also extremely influential, and with the Accademia di San Luca of Rome (founded 1593) helped to confirm the use of the term for these institutions.

The Académie de peinture et de sculpture in Paris, established by the monarchy in 1648 (later renamed) was the most significant of the artistic academies, running the famous Salon exhibitions from 1725. Artistic academies were established all over Europe by the end of the 18th century, and many, like the Akademie der Künste in Berlin (founded 1696), the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in Madrid (founded 1744), the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg (1757), the Royal Academy in London (1768) and the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera in Milan (1776) still run art schools and hold large exhibitions, although their influence on taste greatly declined from the late 19th century.

A fundamental feature of academic discipline in the artistic academies was regular practice in making accurate drawings from antiquities, or from casts of antiquities, on the one hand, and on the other, in deriving inspiration from the other fount, the human form. Students assembled in sessions drawing the draped and undraped human form, and such drawings, which survive in the tens of thousands from the 17th through the 19th century, are termed ''académies'' in French.

Similar institutions were often established for other arts: Rome had the Accademia di Santa Cecilia for music from 1585; Paris had the Académie Royale de Musique from 1669 and the Académie d'architecture from 1671.

Linguistic academies

In 1582 five florentine literati gathered and founded the Accademia della Crusca to demonstrate and to conserve the beauty of the Florentine vulgar tongue, modelled upon the authors of the Trecento. The main istrument to do that was the ''Vocabolario degli accademici della Crusca''. The Crusca remained for long a private institution, criticizing and opposing the official ''Accademia Fiorentina''.

The first institution inspired by the Crusca was the Fruitbearing Society for German language, which existed from 1617 to 1680.

The Crusca inspired Richelieu to found in 1634 the analogous Académie française with the task of acting as an official authority on the French language, charged with publishing the official dictionary of that language. The following year the Académie received letters patent from the king Louis XIII as the only recognized academy for French language.

In its turn the state established Académie was the model for the Real Academia Española (founded in 1713) and the Swedish Academy (1786), which are the ruling bodies of their respective languages and editors of major dictionaries. It also was the model for the Russian Academy,founded in 1783, which afterwards merged into the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Academies of sciences

After the short-lived Academia Secretorum Naturae of Naples, the first academy exclusively devoted to sciences was the Accademia dei Lincei founded in 1603 in Rome, particuralily focused on natural sciences. In 1657 some students of Galileo founded the Accademia del Cimento (Academy of Experiment) in Florence, focused on physics and astronomy. The foundation of Academy was funded by Prince Leopoldo and Grand Duke Ferdinando II de' Medici. This academy lasted after few decades.

In 1652 was founded the Academia Naturae Curiosorum by four physicians. In 1677, Leopold I, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, recognised the society and in 1687 he gave it the epithet ''Leopoldina'', with which is internationally famous.^{, p. 7–8;} So, it became the academy of sciences for the whole Holy Roman Empire.

On 28 November 1660, a group of scientists from and influenced by the Invisible College (gathering approximately since 1645) met at Gresham College and announced the formation of a "College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematical Experimental Learning", which would meet weekly to discuss science and run experiments. In 1662 Charles II of England signed a Royal Charter which created the "Royal Society of London", then "Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge".

In 1666 Colbert gathered a small group of scholars to found a scientific society in Paris. The first 30 years of the Academy's existence were relatively informal, since no statutes had as yet been laid down for the institution. In contrast to Royal Society, the Academy was founded as an organ of government. In 1699, Louis XIV gave the Academy its first rules and named it Académie royale des sciences.

Although Prussia was a member of Holy Roman Empire, in 1700 Prince-elector Frederick III of Brandenburg founded its own Prussian Academy of Sciences upon the advice of Gottfried Leibniz, who was appointed president.

During XVIIIth century many European kings followed and founded their own academy of sciences: in 1714 in Bologna, in 1724 the Russian Academy of Sciences, in 1731 the Royal Dublin Society, in 1735 in Tuscany, in 1739 the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, in 1742 the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, in 1751 the Gottingen Academy of Sciences, in 1754 in Erfurt, in 1759 the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, in 1763 the Academia Theodoro-Palatina in Heidelberg, in 1779 the Sciences Academy of Lisbon, in 1783 the Royal Society of Edinburgh, in 1782 the Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze, in 1784 in Turin.

This kind of academy lost importance after the university reform begun with the foundation of the University of Berlin, when universities were provided with laboratories and clinics, and were charged with doing experimental research.

Military academies

Obviously, Military Academies were established by the kings since their origin. The first of such institutions only trained the Artillery and Military Engineering officiers, like the ''Aula da Artilharia'' (founded in 1641) and the ''Aula de Fortificação'' (1647) in Lisbon, the Real Accademia di Savoia in Turin (opened in 1678), the Imperial Artillery Military Academy of Saint Petersburg (1698), the Royal Military Academy Woolwich (1741), the ''Real Colegio de Artilleria'' in Segovia (1764).

Starting at the end of sixteenth century in the Holy Roman Empire, France, Poland and Denmark, many Knight academies were established to prepare the aristocratic youth for state and military service. Many of them lately turned into gymnasiums, but some of them were transformed into true military academies. The Royal Danish Army Officers Academy began to educate all officers for the Royal Danish Army by request of King Frederick IV in 1713. The École Militaire was founded by Louis XV of France in 1750 with the aim of creating an academic college for cadet officers from poor families. The construction began in 1752, but the school did not open until 1760. The Theresian Military Academy was founded on 14 December 1751 by Maria Theresa of Austria. Per year the Academy accepted 100 noblemen and 100 commoners to start their education there. These were the model for the subsequent military academies throughout Europe, like the ''Reale Accademia Militare'' of Naples in 1787 and the Military Academy Karlberg in 1792.

Modern use of the term ''academy''

National academies are bodies for scientists, artists or writers that are usually state-funded and often are given the role of controlling much of the state funding for research into their areas, or other forms of funding. Some use different terms in their name - the British Royal Society for example. The membership typically comprises distinguished individuals in the relevant field, who may be elected by the other members, or appointed by the government. They are essentially not schools or colleges, though some may operate teaching arms. The Académie Française was the most influential pattern for these.

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, which presents the annual Academy Awards, is an example of a purely industry body using the name. College-type specialized academies include the Royal Academy of Music of the United Kingdom; the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York; the United States Naval Academy; United States Air Force Academy; and the Australian Defence Force Academy. In emulation of the military academies, police in the United States are trained in police academies.

Because of the tradition of intellectual brilliance associated with this institution, many groups have chosen to use the word "academy" in their name, especially specialized tertiary educational institutions. In the early 19th century "academy" took the connotations that "gymnasium" was acquiring in German-speaking lands, of school that was less advanced than a college (for which it might prepare students) but considerably more than elementary. Early American examples are the prestigious preparatory schools of Phillips Andover Academy, Phillips Exeter Academy and Deerfield Academy. In England, "academy" had a specialized meaning for schools, but the Edinburgh Academy was more like the American examples. Academy was also used very loosely for various commercial training schools for dancing and the like.

Mozart organized public subscription performances of his music in Vienna in the 1780s and 1790s, he called the concerts "academies." This usage in musical terms survives in the concert orchestra Academy of St Martin in the Fields and in the Brixton Academy, a concert hall in Brixton, South London.

Academies proliferated in the 20th century until even a three-week series of lectures and discussions would be termed an "academy." In addition, the generic term "the academy" is sometimes used to refer to all of academia, which is sometimes considered a global successor to the Academy of Athens.

French regional academies overseeing education

In France, regional academic councils called academies are responsible for supervising all aspects of education in their region. The academy regions are similar to, but not identical to, the standard French administrative regions. the rector of each academy is a revocable nominee of the Ministry of Education. These academies' main responsibility is overseeing primary and secondary education, but public universities are in some respects also answerable to the academy for their region. However, French private universities are independent of the state and therefore independent of the regional academies.

Russian research academies

In Imperial Russia and Soviet Union the term "academy", or Academy of Sciences was reserved to denote a state research establishment, see Russian Academy of Sciences. The latter one still exists in Russia, although other types of academies (study and honorary) appeared as well.

English school types

From the mid-seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries, educational institutions in England run by nonconformist groups that did not agree with the Church of England teachings were collectively known as "the dissenting academies". As a place at an English public school or university generally required conformity to the Church of England, these institutions provided an alternative for those with different religious views and formed a significant part of England’s educational system.

University College London (UCL) was founded in 1826 as the first publicly funded English university to admit anyone regardless of religious adherence; and the Test and Corporation Acts, which had imposed a wide range of restrictions on citizens who were not in conformity to the Church of England, were abolished shortly afterwards, by the Catholic Relief Act of 1829.

In 2000, a form of "independent state schools", called "academies", were introduced in England. They have been compared to US charter schools. They are directly funded from central government rather than through local councils, and are partly privately sponsored. Often the sponsors are from business, but some are sponsored by universities and charities. These schools have greater autonomy than schools run by the local councils. They are usually a type of secondary school, but some are "all through" schools with an integral primary school. Some of the early ones were briefly known as "city academies"—the first such school opening on 10 September 2002 at the Business Academy Bexley.

The Queen's Speech, which followed the 2010 UK General Election, included proposals for a bill to allow the Secretary of State for Education to approve schools, both Primary and Secondary, that have been graded "outstanding" by Ofsted, to become academies. This will be through a simplified streamlined process which will not require the sponsors to provide capital funding.

In 2012, the English government began forcing some schools which had been graded satisfactory or lower into becoming academies, unilaterally removing existing governing bodies and head teachers in some cases. An example was Downhills Primary School in Haringey, where the head teacher refused to turn the school into an academy. OFSTED were called in to assess the school, failed it, and both the head and the governing body were removed and replaced with a Government-appointed board despite opposition from the school and parents.

In Scotland, where there is not a set name for secondary schools, a quarter of the secondary schools have the word "academy" in their name.

See also

Academician

Academy (English school)

Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences

List of honorary societies

Military academy

National academy

References

Further reading

Alan Cameron, "The last days of the Academy at Athens," in ''Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society'' vol 195 (n.s. 15), 1969, pp 7–29.

Gerald Bechtle, Bryn Mawr Classical Review of Rainer Thiel, ''Simplikios und das Ende der neuplatonischen Schule in Athen''. Stuttgart, 1999 (in English).

John Glucker, ''Antiochus and the Late Academy'', Göttingen 1978.

Francis Haskell and Nicholas Penny, 1981. ''Taste and the Antique: The Lure of Classical Sculpture, 1500–1900'' (New Haven: Yale University Press)

External links

Plato's Academy

Academy of Plato – MacTutor

Atlas of Ancient and Classical Geography (Project Gutenberg) see Athens & Syracuse map – by Samuel Butler

Christopher Planeaux' history of the site of the Academy

Plato's Academy, from the Hellenic Ministry of Culture

Map of ancient Athens with location of the Academy

Site of the Academy rediscovered (needs better site linked)

The Academy, from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Modern institutions

The Academy, a summer school run by the Institute of Ideas, "aiming to remind us just what universities should be like and to demonstrate the importance of scholarship through an examination of subjects in depth"

Slavic Greek Latin Academy

Academy Burg Fürsteneck German academy for vocational and cultural education in the castel Burg Fürsteneck

The Academy Buckley Dance School

Academy Drama School website

Academy of Athens, official website of the modern institution

Ardennes Outdoor Academy of the Thierry Graduate School of Leadership

Department for Education – Academies webpages

Digital Media Academy

Film Academy

Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights

Royal Academy of Music, London

The Academy at Charlemont

iD Programming Academy

The Jewish Academy

The United States Air Force Academy

Worcester Academy, Wikipedia page: Worcester Academy

Deerfield Academy

Database of the Italian Academies at the British Library

Academy for Self-improvement

Website of the Italian Academies 1525-1700 Project

The Northumberland Church of England Academy

Category:Academia Category:Greek loanwords Category:History of ideas Category:Plato Category:School types

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name	Danny Byrd
background	non_performing_personnel
birth name	Danny Byrd
origin	Bath, Somerset, England
genre	Drum and bass
occupation	Producer, DJ
years active	2000-present
label	Hospital
website	}}

Danny Byrd (born 1979) is a drum and bass DJ, producer and musician from Bath in the South West of England. He is influenced by house, UK garage, R&B and the Old Skool Rave / Jungle Techno sound and releases his music primarily on Hospital Records, the UK based, independent dance music label.

History

Danny Byrd was one of the first artists to sign to Hospital Records in 2000. His first Hospital singles were Do It Again and Changes. Later in 2000, BBC Radio 1's Fabio championed Danny's remix of London Elektricity's Wishing Well. Remixes by Danny Byrd for High Contrast and contributions to the Hospital Records compilation "Weapons of Mass Creation" followed. From 2005 to 2008 there have been the singles Soul Function and Dog Hill on Hospital Records as well as contributions for Spearhead, V Recordings and Advanced.

Danny Byrd is a popular club DJ. Danny Byrd has been touring nonstop, taking him from Los Angeles to Paris, from Romania to Vienna, as well as at Hospitality nights all over the UK. In January 2009 he mixed the Hospital Mix 7 album.

Supersized

In 2008 Danny Byrd debut studio album Supersized was released on Hospital Records. Including notable tracks like Shock Out, Gold Rush with the Brookes Brothers, Weird Science and Red Mist feat I-Kay. Red Mist VIP, a new version of the track, appeared on Hospital's compilation Sick Music and has appeared in the film Dead Man Running and computer games Midnight Club LA and DJ Hero.

Rave Digger

Danny Byrd second studio album Rave Digger was released in October 2010. The lead single "Ill Behaviour" featuring I-Kay has been supported by Zane Lowe, MistaJam, Annie Mac and Sara Cox on BBC Radio 1. The single was promoted to Radio 1's A-list on 8 September 2010.

Chart success

In 2009, his track Red Mist VIP, reached number one on the UK Dance Chart on the week ending 25 July 2009, and on 7 February 2010, his remix of Liquid's Sweet Harmony gave him his first success on the UK Singles Chart, making #64. In October 2010 Danny reached #36 in the UK Singles Chart with the track "Ill Behaviour" feat I-Kay.

Discography

Albums

Year	Album details	Peak chart positions
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%;"
2008		* Released: 26 May 2008	* Label: Hospital Records	Compact Disc>CD, Music download	—
2010		* Released: 10 October 2010	* Label: [[Hospital Records	Compact Disc>CD,
! Year	! Album details
2007		* Released: 5 March 2007	* Label: [[Hospital Records">Music download	68

Extended plays

! Year	! Album details
2007		* Released: 5 March 2007	* Label: [[Hospital Records	Compact Disc>CD, [[Music download

Singles

{|class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2"| Year !rowspan="2"| Single !colspan="3"| Chart positions !rowspan="2"| Album |- style="font-size:90%;" ! width=45| UK ! width=45| UKDAN ! width=45| BEL (FLA) |- |2001 |"Changes / Changed" | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| ''Medical History'' |- |2005 |"Soul Function / Junction 18" | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — |- |rowspan="3"|2006 |"Dog Hill / Fresh 89" | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — |- |"Rise Again / Control Freak" | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — |- |"Round & Round / Powderkiller" | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — |- |2008 |"Shockout / Labyrinth" | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| ''Supersized'' |- |2009 |"Red Mist" (feat. IK) | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 1 | style="text-align:center;"| — |- |rowspan="3"|2010 |"Sweet Harmony" (feat. Liquid) | style="text-align:center;"| 64 | style="text-align:center;"| 6 | style="text-align:center;"| — | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| ''Rave Digger'' |- |"Ill Behaviour" (feat. I-Kay) | style="text-align:center;"| 36 | style="text-align:center;"| 7 | style="text-align:center;"| — |- |"We Can Have It All" | style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| 22 | style="text-align:center;"| — |- ||2011 |"Tonight" (feat. Netsky) | style="text-align:center;"| 91 | style="text-align:center;"| 11 | style="text-align:center;"| 77 |}

Other songs

1998 - "Manhattan"

2000 - "Do It Again / Dub It Again"

2000 - "The Strutt / Walk Tall"

2002 - "Plastic Surgery 3 Sampler"

2007 - "Under the Sea (Taken from 'Weapons of Mass Creation 3')"

References

External links

Danny Byrd at Hospital Records

Danny Byrd Essential Mix 2010

Category:Drum and bass musicians Category:Hospital Records artists Category:Living people Category:English drum and bass musicians Category:1979 births Drum and bass

de:Danny Byrd ja:ダニー・バード

name	Dynamite MC
background	solo_singer
genre	Hip-HopDrum and bass
occupation	MC }}

Dynamite MC, (born Dominic Smith, 7 October 1973, Germany) is an MC from Gloucester, England. He originally gained prominence in jungle/drum and bass, working with Roni Size and Reprazent, but has also released hip hop material.

Career

He started his MCing career on pirate radio station, Crush FM, broadcasting in Gloucester South West England during the early 1990s. He met Roni Size in 1994 and began MCing for the Full Cycle crew. When the Bristol collective formed the live band Reprazent, Dynamite shared vocal duties with singer, Onallee. Their debut album ''New Forms'' won the Mercury Music Prize in 1997. Dynamite's role was enhanced for Reprazent's second album, the hip-hop influenced ''In The Mode'' (2000).

Solo

Following this, Dynamite has collaborated with a range of artists including The Nextmen, Caspa, DJ Skitz, Scratch Perverts, Andy C and DJ Zinc, releasing a solo album ''The World of Dynamite'' (2004). In 2006 a remix CD, ''Big Man Talk'' was released on the Strong Records label (featuring samples from Enya and Kanye West). A third album, ''Styles Galore'' was set to follow in 2006.

Other works

Dynamite MC hosts a two hour 'Smooth Grooves' show on Kiss 100 every Monday night at 2100 GMT, as well as hosting the Fresh 40 R&B and dance chart across some of the UK's commercial radio stations on Sunday afternoons.

The track, "Bounce", is featured on the soundtrack of ''Madden NFL '07''. "Bounce" and "After Party" also feature in the video game, ''Need for Speed: Carbon''. He recently worked with Camo & Krooked for their song "Stand Up" (Camo & Krooked vs Friction ft Dynamite MC), yet to be released

Discography

Albums

''The World of Dynamite'' (2004)

''Big Man Talk Mixtape'' (2006)

''Big Man Talk 2'' (2009)

''Big Man Talk 3'' (2011)

Singles

"Hotness" (2003) - UK #66

"Ride" (2004) - UK #54

"No More" - UK #26

"Bounce"

"After Party"

"What!" (2008)

References

External links

Official Dynamite MC website

Official Dynamite MC MySpace profile

Dynamite MC's page on the Kiss website

Official Fresh 40 website

Discography at rolldabeats.com

Category:1973 births Category:Living people Category:People from Bristol Category:English rappers Category:English people of African-American descent

name	Quinn Cook
color	#00009C
fontcolor	#FFFFFF
college	Duke
conference	ACC
sport	Basketball
jersey	2
position	Point Guard
class	Freshman
height ft	6
height in	0
weight lb	175
nationality	American
birth date	March 23, 1993
birth place	Washington, D.C.
highschool	Oak Hill Academy,Mouth of Wilson, Virginia }}

Quinn Cook (born March 23, 1993) is an American college basketball player who currently plays guard for Duke University. He was one of the top rated basketball recruits in the class of 2011.

College career

Freshman year: Although Duke traveled to China and Dubai during the summer prior to Quinn Cook's senior season, Cook was forced to sit out all four exhibition games due to a lingering knee injury that he suffered during the summer before his senior year. Cook's debut in a Duke uniform was October 14, 2011 at Duke's annual Countdown to Craziness, he scored 7 points and passed for 2 assists in his first game as a Blue Devil. Cook's career high so far during his freshman season is 14 points, which came against UNC Greensboro on December 19, 2011. Cook looks to be a contributor off of the bench for Duke as a freshman, as he competes for minutes at point guard with Seth Curry and Tyler Thorton.

|- | align="left" | 2011–12 | align="left" | Duke | 11 || 0 || 9.5 || .467 || .385 || .800 || 0.9 || 1.1 || 0.5 || 0.1 || 4.1 |- | align="left" | Career | align="left" | | 11 || 0 || 9.5 || .467 || .385 || .800 || 0.9 || 1.1 || 0.5 || 0.1 || 4.1

High school career

Quinn Cook started his high school career at DeMatha Catholic High School in Hyattsville, Maryland. Cook played his freshman, sophomore, and junior, seasons at DeMatha. During Cook's career at DeMatha, the Stags had an impressive 85-18 record and finished as the number one ranked team in the state of Maryland during Cook's junior season.

During the summer prior to his senior season, Cook announced that he would be transferring to Oak Hill Academy in Mouth of Wilson, Virginia. Cook followed in the footsteps of Oak Hill Academy's great tradition of point guards, which includes William Avery, Steve Blake, Brandon Jennings, Ty Lawson, Rajon Rondo, Nolan Smith, Rod Strickland, and Marcus Williams.

During Quinn Cook's senior season at Oak Hill Academy he led the Warriors to a 31-4 record, averaging 19.1 ppg, 10.9 apg and 2.5 steals.

High school accomplishments

Cook had a tremendous high school career, following his junior season he was named the Washington Post All-Met Player of the Year, becoming the first junior in 30 years to be given the award and was the only junior to be named 2010 All-Met first team. Cook was also named to the Washington Post 2009 All-Met third team, the only sophomore to be listed among the ‘09 All-Met teams.

For Cook's tremendous play, he was invited to play in the fifth annual Boost Mobile Elite 24 game prior to his senior season, joining future Duke teammates Austin Rivers, Alex Murphy, and Michael Gbinije in the game.

Following his senior season at Oak Hill Academy, Cook was named a Second Team All-American by Maxpreps. And was also a participant in the 2011 McDonald's All-American Game.

USA basketball

}}

Quinn Cook was named to 2009-10 USA Basketball Men’s Developmental National Team on May 28, 2009. He was a member of the 2009 USA U16 National Team that posted a 5-0 mark, captured the 2009 FIBA Americas U16 Championship gold medal and qualified the U.S. for the 2010 FIBA U17 World Championship, he started all five games and averaged 15.6 ppg., 3.6 rpg. and a team-high 5.0 apg. He was also a member of the 2010 USA U17 World Championship Team that posted a perfect 8-0 record and captured the gold medal, Cook started all eight games and averaged 7.5 ppg. and 3.0 rpg., while dishing out a tournament-leading 7.4 apg.

On January 16, 2011, he was named to the 2011 USA Basketball Junior National Select Team which competed against a World Select Team in the annual Nike Hoop Summit. Cook had 12 points and 3 assists in 16 minutes, and Team USA went on to beat the World Select Team 92-80.

College recruitment

|}

Quinn Cook signed his letter of intent to play basketball at Duke on November 4, 2010, his announcement was broadcast live on ESPNU. He chose Duke over Villanova, UCLA, and North Carolina.

Cook on why he committed to Duke: ""The reason I chose Duke is because of Coach K."

Cook was ranked the #38 player by ESPNU, the #38 player by Rivals.com, and the #37 player by Scout.com coming out of high school.

Cook was a part of a five player recruiting class for Duke in 2011, which also included Austin Rivers, Alex Murphy, Marshall Plumlee and Michael Gbinije. Duke's 2011 class was the second best recruiting class in the entire country according to ESPNU.

References

Category:Living people Category:1993 births Category:Basketball players from Washington, D.C. Category:DeMatha Catholic High School alumni Category:Duke Blue Devils men's basketball players Category:Point guards

Thomas "Tom" Johnston CH (2 November 1881 – 5 September 1965) was a prominent Scottish socialist and politician of the early 20th century, a member of the Labour Party, a Member of Parliament (MP) and government minister – usually with Cabinet responsibility for Scottish affairs.

Red Clydesider

Johnston, the son of a middle-class grocer, was born in Kirkintilloch in 1881 and educated at Lenzie Academy. At the University of Glasgow, he helped launch the left-wing journal, ''Forward'', in 1906, and in the same city later became associated with the 'Red Clydesiders', a socialist grouping that included James Maxton and Manny Shinwell. In 1909 he published a book, ''Our Scots Noble Families'', which aimed to discredit the landed aristocracy.

First elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Stirling and Clackmannan West in November 1922 general election, Johnston lost his seat at the October 1924 general election. He quickly returned to Parliament, winning the Dundee by-election in December.

He was re-elected for Stirling and Clackmannan Western at the 1929 general election, when he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for Scotland by Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. This troubled administration was relatively short-lived; only a handful of Labour ministers supported MacDonald’s proposal of a coalition government, with Johnston and other Red Clydesiders among the strong opponents. This opposition may have backfired (albeit temporarily), as Johnston lost his seat at the 1931 general election, and failed to be returned at a by-election in Dunbartonshire in 1932, but he returned (representing Stirling and Clackmannan West) to the House of Commons at the 1935 general election and remained an MP until retiring in the 1945 general election.

War-time roles

In April 1939, during the build-up to the Second World War, John Anderson, the Home Secretary, appointed Johnston as Commissioner for Civil Defence in Scotland. In this role, Johnston over-saw preparations for aerial bombardment and possible invasion, and the organisation of shelter and relief work. Prime Minister Winston Churchill appointed Johnston as Secretary of State for Scotland on 12 February 1941, and Johnston retained the post until May 1945. As Devine (1999) concludes, "Johnson was a giant figure in Scottish politics and is revered to this day as the greatest Scottish Secretary of the century....In essence, Johnson was promised the powers of a benign dictator.".

Johnston launched numerous initiatives to promote Scotland. Opposed to the excessive concentration of industry in the English Midlands, he attracted 700 businesses and 90,000 new jobs through his new Scottish Council of Industry. He set up 32 committees to deal with any number of social and economic problems, ranging from juvenile delinquency to sheep farming. He regulated rents, and set up a prototype national health service, using new hospitals set up in the expectation of large numbers of casualties from German bombing. His most successful venture was setting up a system of hydro electricity using water power in the Highlands.

A long-standing supporter of the Home Rule movement, he was able to persuade Churchill of the need to counter the nationalist threat north of the border and created a Scottish Council of State and a Council of Industry as institutions to devolve some power away from Whitehall.

Post-war activity

He withdrew from politics in 1945 to run the Hydro Board. Johnston subsequently served as chairman of various Scottish organisations, including the Scottish National Forestry Commission (1945–48) and the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board (1946–59). He represented Scottish interests in the council appointed to devise the 1951 Festival of Britain. He was also Chancellor of Aberdeen University from 1951 until his death in 1965.

Power to the Glens

Undoubtedly his greatest legacy was the creation of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board. Until the 1940s, many rural areas of Scotland outwith the Central Belt had little or no electricity supply. There were coal-fired steam-turbine and some diesel-driven power stations serving urban locations, and excess capacity from a few large industrial hydroelectricity stations (e.g. those serving the aluminium smelters at Foyers and Kinlochleven) was made available locally, but there was no widespread distribution of electricity through a comprehensively integrated electric power transmission system such as the present National Grid.

Possibly inspired by the earlier example of the American Tennessee Valley Authority initiative of the New Deal administration of President Franklin D Roosevelt, but undoubtedly determined to address the very strong popular sentiment of the immediate post-war period for a more equitable distribution of the resources and benefits of a modern economy, Johnston strove hard and successfully to win over all interested parties, including generally reluctant landowners, to the goal of harnessing the (then) scarcely developed but naturally well-suited geography and climate of the Scottish Highlands to the generation of electricity by water power. In the three decades following the Second World War, the Hydro Board's teams of planners, engineers, architects and labourers succeeded in creating an epic succession of electricity generation and distribution schemes that were world-renowned not only for successfully achieving their technical aims in very demanding terrain but for often doing so in an aesthetically inspiring manner. The economic and social benefits thus brought to all the people of Scotland, and especially those in rural areas, were immense and longlasting.

Notes

Bibliography

Douds, Gerard. "Tom Johnston in India," ''Journal of the Scottish Labour History Society,'' 1984, Issue 19, pp 6–21,

Miller, Jim ''The Dam Builders: Power from the Glens'' (ISBN 1841582255; Birlinn 2003)

Torrance, David ''The Scottish Secretaries'' (Birlinn 2006)

Walker, Graham. "Johnston, Thomas (1881–1965)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,'' Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2006 accessed 19 Dec 2010

Walker, Graham. ''Thomas Johnston'' (1988), scholarly biography

Primary sources

Johnston, Tom. ''Memories'' (1952)

External links

Category:1881 births Category:1965 deaths Category:Scottish Labour Party MPs Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for Dundee constituencies Category:British Secretaries of State Category:Lords Privy Seal Category:Scottish socialists Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour Category:Secretaries of State for Scotland Category:UK MPs 1922–1923 Category:UK MPs 1923–1924 Category:UK MPs 1924–1929 Category:UK MPs 1929–1931 Category:UK MPs 1935–1945 Category:People from Kirkintilloch Category:People associated with the campaign for Scottish devolution Category:Red Clydeside Category:People educated at Lenzie Academy

pl:Thomas Johnston